![]() These seven categories accounted for 62% of the total ( Figure 2). The research areas with more than 100 related articles were in environmental sciences and ecology (415), remote sensing (295), geology (294), engineering (180), physical geography (162), imaging science and photographic technology (156), and water resources (108). The GE publications found related to 102 different disciplines ( Figure 2). However, more than half of all journals (376) published just one article on GE, and only 22 journals published more than ten.įigure 1. Journals in which papers related to GE were published The publications referencing GE spanned a broad spectrum of journals. The top ten journals were Remote Sensing (89), The International Journal of Remote Sensing (35), Remote Sensing of Environment (30), Geomorphology (22), Computers and Geosciences (19), The IEEE Journal of Selected Topics in Applied Earth Observations and Remote Sensing (19), The Journal of Maps (19), The Journal of Applied Remote Sensing (17), PloS One (17), and Sustainability (16). This trend of increased use continued after 2016 and, in 2020, 231 papers on GE were published and there were 5115 citations.Ī total of 1334 articles describing the use of GE were published in 547 journals relating to fields such as remote sensing, computer science, the environment, and GIS ( Figure 1). Later, GE gradually became more widely used: dozens of articles were published every year, and the mean increase of citations increased to about 300 times per year. For example, many vital functions (e.g., historical imagery and support for 3D imagery) were not introduced until after 2008 ( ). In stage one – prior to 2008 – the application of GE and related research developed slowly as GE was not yet fully explored and its functions were limited. In the case of GE, there were three main stages: stage one (2006–2008), which was a period of slow development stage two (2009–2015), which was a period of rapid development and stage three (since 2016), which is a period of proliferation. Then the CiteSpace, a powerful bibliometric analysis software was used to analyze document co-citations, keyword co-occurrences, and cooperative maps, thus enabling the exploration of knowledge base, structural frameworks, and research frontiers in research that is based on GE. After screening, 1334 articles related to “Google Earth” were obtained. We used“Google Earth” as keywords to retrieve relevant articles and review articles from the Web of Science (WoS) ( ) core collection, including the SCIE (Science Citation Index Expanded) and SSCI (Social Sciences Citation Index), dated up to January 2021. Although the use of GE as a digital globe is thriving because it provides easy-to-use visualizations, GE also has many limitations, including inconsistent image quality, a limited capability for making quantitative measurements, a lack of analytical functionality, and the inability to support precise global spatial simulations. ![]() , the advantages of GE can be divided into six categories related to visualization and data exploration, data collection, validation, data integration and interoperability, simulation, and ease of use. According to the reviews by Yu and Gong, Goodchild, and Liang et al. In addition, GE was also widely used in education, especially in the teaching of geography, because of its great ability to provide virtual visualizations of the Earth. In recent years, GE was used for research on geomorphology, ecology, geology, the atmosphere, disasters, social science, and urban studies, and has served as an essential tool in studies of global environmental change. Among the virtual globe tools described above, GE has proved to be the most popular and has advantages in terms of visualization, ease of access to a wide range of geospatial data, and a unified coordinate system however, it still lacks extendibility. vice president Al Gore in 1998 and was described as a computer-generated three-dimensional virtual globe with visualization functions that were easy to use, were interoperable, and could be used for modeling and simulation. ![]() The concept of Digital Earth (Virtual Earth) was initially proposed by former U.S. Later, similar products, such as NASA World Wind (released in 2004), Microsoft Virtual Earth (released in 2005, now Bing Maps Platform), ESRI ArcGIS Explorer (released in 2006), and Cesium (released in 2012), emerged. Released in 2005 by Google, GE has become the most popular and successful virtual globe tool and can effectively address the first challenge mentioned above.
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